Today, parkitecture has become so pervasive that large-scale timber or stone buildings are what’s expected when visitors travel through national parks, and especially the American West.

National Park Service rustic – sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture – is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the (NPS) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment. Since its founding in 1916, the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings. The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world, reflecting connections with the and American architecture., and combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes. Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures, including entrance gateways, hotels and lodges, park roads and bridges, visitor centers, trail shelters, informational kiosks, and even mundane maintenance and support facilities. Many of these buildings are listed on the.

Contents.Development 1872–1916 The first national parks were a response to the romanticism that restructured the American concept of wilderness in the nineteenth century. As seen in the artistry of, and others, the idea of wilderness developed during the course of the nineteenth century from an entity to be feared and conquered into a resource that should be preserved and treasured. The early wilderness preservation philosophies – expressed through painting, poetry, essays, and later photography – helped lay the foundations for the acceptance of the first national parks. Beginning with in 1864 and in 1872, public lands were set aside as parks. Early administration of these reserves was haphazard. Yosemite fell prey to a politicized board of state commissions, while Yellowstone was given an unpaid superintendent and no appropriations.In 1883, because of extensive poaching and political scandal, the Army was authorized to protect Yellowstone although it was not called upon by the to do so until 1886. The Army stayed in Yellowstone in an administrative capacity until 1916.

After 1890, the Army also was called on to protect, the, and Yosemite. In each of the Army parks, the War Department was compelled to erect basic facilities for its own use., Wyoming, was the most important of these complexes.

The army buildings there were constructed to standard Army specifications. The Army had no direct interest in the landscape, and this was echoed in their architecture.In those early parks where the Interior Department retained administrative responsibility (including, and ), government buildings usually were limited to primitive, vernacular expressions of facility need.

Crude frame shacks, log cabins, or tent frames usually sufficed. These early government facilities could be simple because responsibility for housing and transporting the park visitor was delegated to the park concessioners. The in DecemberThe had constructed a depot in 1910 at near the park boundary, and a stage depot in. Although the railroad's operations were on a much smaller scale than those at the Grand Canyon or Yellowstone, its buildings were significant expressions of local park architecture. Both structures were built in a rustic reminiscent of nineteenth century camp architecture.

The wood-frame buildings were covered with panels of decorative boughs. The diagonal brackets of the depot were small logs, complete with protruding knots. The Yosemite Valley Stage Depot, which also served as a telegraph office, had a steeply roof, which comprised more than half the height of the building, and diamond-shaped window panes. Both structures were representative of a local movement of 'rustic' architecture that developed in Yosemite after 1900. Several buildings at nearby Camp Curry shared the style. Ahwahnee Hotelreceived a new in 1917. Erected by the Desmond Park Company, the 2- and 3-story, shingle-covered structure had a distinctly Swiss design emphasis.

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The steeply pitched roofs, numerous roof and intricate balconies added detail to this alpine structure. Although situated so that it had a magnificent view of the Yosemite high country, the hotel was sufficiently removed from Glacier Point proper to reduce its visual impact.was constructed by the in 1915 at Tuolumne Meadows.

Parsons Lodge was a wide building of low profile, whose walls appeared to be masonry. Actually, the architect had experimented with a new construction technique so that the battered stone walls had cores. This philosophy of using new building methods in visual imitation of pioneer building techniques matured in the 1920s in structures like Yosemite's. A contemporary architect stated: 'The building seems to grow out of the ground naturally and to belong there just as much as the neighboring trees and rocks.' Yellowstone. Old Faithful Inn, 1975At in 1903, the constructed the.

This six-story resort was in the Swiss -Norway Villa tradition, but executed in a very western frontier manner. The exterior of the log frame structure was sheathed with shingles, and the building was heavily articulated with logwork piers and corners. Two stories of projecting protruded from the enormous main, which was the dominant architectural feature. The combination of the logwork, shingles, and form resulted in a masterful structure. The Inn was designed by Robert Reamer, who is said to have 'sketched the plans while coming shakily out of a monumental submersion in malt, and some authorities claim to be able to read that fact in its unique contours.' A series of four 'trailside museums' were designed for Yellowstone by in the late 1920s at Madison, Norris Geyser Basin, Fishing Bridge.

Maier designed many park structures in the western national parks during his tenure as an active Park Service architect, and went on to become an influential administrator in the Park Service regional office. Mount Rainier's Nisqually Gateis the fifth-oldest and was the first to be designed using a master plan. Due in part to the late settling of the area as well as the National Park Service master plan, the National Park is home to superb examples of the National Park rustic style. Buildings in four historical districts—Nisqually, Paradise, and Sunrise—along with patrol cabins and bridges make the park a showcase of the rustic style.At the Nisqually entrance, massive entrance gates mark the entry to the park.

These were the result of a request from Secretary of the Interior Bollinger, who asked for them as part of a 1910 visit to the park. The pergola was finished in time for President 's visit Mt. Rainier in fall of 1911. Further inward, the Longmire historical district is home to several pre-Park and early rustic–style buildings. The National Park Inn at was designed as an unpretentious building in a beautiful location at the start of the. The library, museum and visitor center, and the community building are all prime examples of rustic architecture dating from the early twentieth century.

The administrative building, as a mature NPS building, was built in 1928 and is the example of successful pairing of the and rustic style.The best-known area of the National Park is the Paradise Historical District. Developed by the Rainier National Park Company in 1916–1917, the is the crown jewel hotel of the National Park. Following the example of the ​ 2 1⁄ 2-story inn was designed to withstand the severe Cascade Winters. The hotel was made of the remains of a heavy forest fire that burnt several miles of Cedar Trees. Years of exposure weathered these trees to a fine silver, which were used for architectural and decorative elements of the lodge. Other buildings at Paradise include a ranger station, a comfort station, a guide house, and a modern example of the rustic style, the new.Grand Canyon In Arizona, the in 1901 completed a branch from its Chicago–Los Angeles main line to the south rim of the, several years before was proclaimed.

In partnership with the, the railroad built a luxury hotel, at the south rim in 1904. The Santa Fe retained of Topeka, Kansas, to design the building, which boasted more than one hundred bedrooms. It opened in January, 1905. Built with turn-of-the-century eclecticism, El Tovar incorporated, according to Fred Harvey literature, exterior elements of the and Norway Villa, with an exotic combination of interior motifs, including a fifteenth-century dining room, and a series of 'art rooms ' which contained paintings, rugs, and other artifacts.

The hotel was 'stained to a rich brown or weather-beaten color, that harmonized perfectly with the grey-green of its unique surroundings. It is pleasant to the eye.'

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An early view of the El Tovar HotelHouse, directly adjacent to El Tovar, was constructed by and the Santa Fe in 1905. The building was designed to serve as a gift shop where could sell their wares. In that way, it provided an outlet for the Hopi who lived within part of it as well as for the Navajo who built traditional nearby. Hopi House closely copied the Hopi at, Arizona, and was designed by, architect for the Fred Harvey Company. The building was constructed in the traditional style, an idiom well suited to the setting. The Hopi House work had a lasting effect on park architecture, and on contemporary southwestern architecture, although later pueblo adaptations were generally less concerned with authenticity. The stylistic choice on the part of Miss Colter and the Fred Harvey Company was primarily commercial, designed to stimulate interest in Native American goods.

Judged by such standards Hopi House was successful; it served as a handsome marketing facility. Hopi House symbolized the partnership between commercialism and romanticism that typified so much of Fred Harvey architecture.About 1914 the Fred Harvey Company initiated a major expansion of its Grand Canyon facilities. One of the first new structures was the, designed. Built of native stone, the canyon-rim structure had an uneven roofline that matched the form and color of the surrounding cliffs. Fireplace inside Hermit's Rest, another one of Colter's fantasy buildings, was constructed at the head of the in 1914 to serve as a refreshment stand and gift shop. Constructed of native stones and massive logs, the building seemed to have grown in its setting, and was carefully screened by vegetation.

Its most impressive feature was its enormous fireplace.Concessions at the Grand Canyon's relatively remote North Rim were built and operated by the, a subsidiary of the. Concession operations there are centered at, constructed at the canyon's rim in 1927–1928.

Designed by noted architect, the massive, rustic-style lodge was built of timber, logs, and native limestone. A total of 120 rustic guest cabins spread outward from the main building. The original lodge structure burned in 1932, but was rebuilt in 1936–1937 on its original footprint. The rustic design ethic of the original lodge was retained in the 1937 building, and today the Grand Canyon Lodge complex is considered to be the best-preserved of the era's rustic National Park hotels.

Glacier National Park was established in 1910, immediately north of the main line of the. The railroad immediately began a massive concession development program in and near the park, which included the construction of two major hotels and nine smaller 'chalet' complexes. The cornerstone of the project was Glacier Park Hotel (now ), located just outside the park boundary at Glacier Park Station. The hotel had a capacity of 400 guests. The enormous log frame complex was four stories high, and 628 feet (191 m) long. Complete with music and writing rooms, sun parlor and emergency hospital, the hotel boasted unpeeled log pillars up to four feet in diameter.

Used on both exterior and interior, the logs brought nature inside for the pleasure and comfort of the guests. As described in contemporary promotional literature, the 'Forest' lobby included an 'open camp fire on the Lobby's floor; here tourists and dignified chiefs and weatherbeaten guides cluster of evenings about a great bed of stones on which sticks of fragrant pine crackle merrily.' The structure included on its 160-acre (0.6 km 2) tract a Blackfeet Indian camp.The railroad's other major Glacier development was, a huge and rambling Swiss Chalet–style property on the shore of in the northeastern portion of the park. Glacier's third rustic-style hotel, now known as, was constructed privately in 1913 and added to the Great Northern concession in 1930.The chalet camps scattered throughout the park were log or stone structures, built 'on the Swiss style of architecture. ' Most were complexes while others, notably and, were stone buildings. Each of the isolated facilities had a huge stone fireplace. Spaced within easy travelling distance of each other, the chalets were located in the most scenic portions of the park.Crater Lake.

Crater Lake Lodge in Crater Lake National Park, OregonConstruction on the in began in 1914, although numerous additions were built later. The hotel was constructed directly on the crater rim approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) above the lake. The original plan was fairly symmetrical.

The lower story which was constructed of stone, included handsome arched windows. The upper stories were shingled. The roof, interrupted by rows of dormer windows, had clipped at the ends. Although the hotel incorporated local materials into its design in an attempt to integrate with the site, the complex remained relatively prominent, a result of its siting.See also.Other national parks Other National Parks with structures in this style include:.

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National Forests. Keweenaw Mountain Lodge., in Copper Harbor, MichiganU.S. State parks The style was adopted by a number of state parks in the United States.

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State Park near, specifically trails, a at the peak of the mountain, and the famous Mountain Theater/Influence in Canada In Canada rustic architecture influenced the designs of several national park buildings such as the (1914), and the (1933). As well this style influenced hotels like the (1930), and many private residences, especially and second homes built on lakes and in forests ('cottages' in Southern Ontario, 'cabins' in Western Canada, etc.)See also.References.

Many folks looking for vacation log homes have fond memories of week-long stays in with enormous, of dinnertime at Scout camp spent at picnic tables beneath an expansive overhang of massive logs, or the dusky windows and rooflines of a tucked-away hotel partially hidden in the pines.This architectural trend, informally called “Parkitecture,” was developed a century ago as railroads spread west and takes its design cue from the shelters at national parks such as Yosemite, Yellowstone, or Zion, as well as from the in the East. Today’s buyers are trying to re-create the look by asking log companies to incorporate large-diameter logs, chinking, timber, and grand entries into their rustic-setting homes. Their desire to live in the mountains and close to nature is being satisfied by land developers who provide roads and services to these remote areas.

And for those who are nearing retirement, and can invest in a luxurious vacation home, the nostalgic lodges of the past act as guide to what looks natural, massive and successful in the rough terrain.